chaper1

Aymbw  1

ck-hn-am-\w

tmI :

1 - 13

14 - 26

27 - 38


AYmtXm ckhnam\w hymJymkymax CXnlkvaml `Khm\mt{Xbx	1

\nZm\m\m\cw hnam\m\nse ckhnam\w F Aymbs Bt{Xb`Khm D]tZinXp{]Imcw Anthi aljn hnhcnpp.

NnInnphm tcmKm\w Ahiyw AhiyambncnpXpt]mseXs ckmZnIfpsS am\m\hpw BhiyamWv. AXpsImv \nZm\m\m\cw hnam\m\w Bcw`nncnpp. hntitjWaobtX mbtX tZmjt`jPmZyt\m\Xn hnam\w.

ClJep hym[o\mw \nan]qcq] cqt]m]ibkwJym {]m[m\y hn[nhnI] _eIme hntijm\pt{]mhniym\cw ck{ZhytZmjhnImc t`jPtZiIme_e icocmlmc kmckmy kXz{]IrXnhbkmw am\ahlnXa\km bYmh tbw `hXn`njPm, ckmZnam\m\mbXzm{Inbmbm \lyam\tmcktZmjmZo\mw `njIv hym[n\n{Kl katm`hXn XkvamckmZnam\m\mw hnam\m\ap]tZymtamƒnthi!	2

sshZy tcmKfpsS \nZm\w, ]qcq]w, cq]w, D]ibw, kwJym{][m\yw (k{m]vXnt`Z), hn[nIev]w, _eImehntij Fnhsb (\nZm\m\n ]dXv) \hw a\nemnbnv AXn\ptijw, hnImcw, Huj[w, tZiw, Imew, _ew, icocw, Blmcw, kmcw, (XzKmZnkmc) kmyw, a\v, {]IrXn, hbv ChbpsS Afhns\ a\ncpn thXpt]mse AdntbXmIpp. ImcWw NnInk ckmZnam\m\n[o\amIpp. Fm cktZmjmZnIfpsS Afhns\ Adnbm sshZy tcmKs iannpXn\v ka\mIpX. AXpsImv Anthim! ckmZnIfpsS am\s Adnbphm\mbn hnam\m\w D]tZinpXcmw.

X{XmZu ck{ZhytZmj hnImc{]`mhm hymax.	3

AXpIfnhv BZyw ckw, {Zhyw, tZmjw, hnImcw CXpIfpsS {]`mhsf ]dpXcmw.

ckmkvXmh jSva[pcmavf ehWISpXnIjmbmx, tX kapKp]bpPyam\mxicocw bm]bn, antYym]bpPyam\mkvXp Jep tZmj{]tIm]Wm tbm]I ]bn.	4

ck BdmIppa[pcw, ]pfn, Dv, Fcnhv, Ibv]v, Nhv, Cu Bdv ck thXpt]mse D]tbmKnpXmbm BbppXphsc icocs BtcmKytmSpIqSn sImpt]mImhpXmWv. thXpt]msebmsX D]tbmKnmemIs tZmj{]tIm]Wn\mbnsmv tbmKyambnocpp.

tZmjmx ]p\kv{Xtbm hmX]nivtfjvamWx. tX{]IrXn`qXmx icotcm]ImcIm `hn. hnIrXnam]mxJep \m\mhnss[ hnImsscx icocap]Xm]bn.	5

]ns tZmj hmXw, ]nw, I^w Fns\ aqmIpp. Ah {]IrXyhbn AXmbXv AXmXn\v thp ]cnamWn \nevpXmbm icocn\v D]Imcambnocpp. tZmj hnIrXambm PzcmZ\m\mhn[ tcmKtfsmv icocs X]nnpp.

X{X tZmj tassIIw {Xbkv{Xtbm ckm P\bn,{Xbkv{Xtm]iabn. XZyYmISpXnIjmbmhmXwP\bn a[pcmavfehWvkvXw iabn ISzavfehWmx ]nw P\bn a[pcXnIjmbmx ]p\tc\w iabn. a[pcmavfehWmx ivtfjvamWw P\bn ISpXnIjmbm kvtXz\ iabn.	6

hmXmZn Htcmtcm tZmjs aqv aqv ck DmpIbpw HmtcmtZmjs aqv aqv ck iannpIbpw sNpp. AXv F{]Imcsam ISpXn Ijmb hmXs Dmpp. a[pcmehW hmXs iannpp. ISzehW ]ns Dmpp. a[pcXnIjmb ]ns iannpp. a[pcmehW I^s iannpp.

ck tZmjkn]mtX Xp tbm ckm ssbtZmssjx kam\KpWm; kam\KpW`qbnjvTm hm `hn tX Xm\`nhbn, hn]coXKpWmkvXp hn]coXKpW`qbnjvTm hm iaby`ykyam\m; CtXyXZv hyhmtltXmx jZvXzap]ZniytX ckm\mw ]ckv]tcWm kwkrjvSm\mw {XnXzssh tZmjmWmw. kwkhnI]hnkvXtcmtlyjma]cn kwtJybt`tZm `hXn hnI]t`Zm ]cnkwJybXzm.	7

ckfpw tZjfpw Hnp tNcptmgmIs GtXXv ck GtXXv tZmjv XpeyKpWapXmtbm XpeyKpWm[nIyapXmtbm BIppthm B ck B tZmjsf hnnpp. GtXXv ck GtXXv tZmjv hncp KpWapXmtbm hncpKpWm[nIyapXmtbm BIppthm Ah ioenpXmbm B tZmj ianpp.(kq{Xm\n BNt{Xb `{ZIm]yobmymbn 63hn[nep ckan{iWtbpw Inb inckobmymbn 63hn[nep tZmjkwktfbpw ]dnpv. AXmWnhnsS kpNnnncnpXv.) C{]Imcw Cu hyhtlXphmbn Bdv ckfptSbpw aqv tZmjfptSbpw ]ckv]cap tNsb D]tZinpp. Fm Cu Bdv ckfptSbpw aqv tZmjfptSbpw kwkhnIev]ns t`ZhnkvXmcw kwJybnm{XbmIpp. ImcWw hnIev]t`Zw kwJybnm{XbmWv.

X{XJezt\I ctkjp {Zthyjzt\ItZmjmtIjp N hnImtcjp cktZmj{]`mh tassIItXz\ A`nkaoy XtXm {Zhy hnImctbmx {]mhXXzw hyhtky. \ tXzhw Jepk{X. \ ln hnIrXnhnjakathXm\mw \m\mIm\m ]ckv]tcW tNm]lX{]IrXnIm\mw Ass\y hnI]ss\hn]nXm\mahbh {]`mhm\pamt\ss\h kapZmb{]`mhhXXzayhkmXpw iIyw. XYmbptlnkapZmtb kapZmb{]`mh XXztathm]e`y XtXm {ZhyhnImc{]`mh XXzw hyhtky Xkvamck{]`mhX{Zhy {]`mhX tZmj{]`mhX hnImc{]`mhX XXzap]tZXvjmbmax. Xss{Xjck{Zhy tZmjhnImc {]`mh D]ZnjvtSm `hXn.	8

At\I ckfp {Zhyfnepw At\Iw tZmjfp tcmKfnepw Hmtcmtcm ckntbpw Hmtcmtcm tZmjntbpw {]`mhs t\mnbnv AXn\ptijw {Zhntbpw tcmKntbpw {]`mhns XXzs \nbnWw. Fm ckkwknepw tZmjkwknepw Cu ]dXp{]Imcw \nbnmhpX. ImcWw hnIrXn hnja IqSntp \nevp \m\mhn[ {Zhyfpw \m\mhn[ tZmjfpw ]ckv]cw IqSntv Hv asddmns\ hnIrXampXpsImpw AXpt]mseXs ckfptSbpw tcmKfptSbpw {]`mhIhnIev]w (`nX) sImv hyXykvXfmb {ZhyKpWmhbhfptSbpw tZmjKpWmhbhfptSbpw HcpanptNp {]`mhXXzs A\pam\wsImv am{Xw \nbnphm IgnbpX. A{]Imcw Hcpanp \nevpXnemIs HcpanpXs \nevp {]`mhXXzs Adnnv AXn\ptijw {ZhyfptSbpw tcmKfptSbpw {]`mhXXzs \nbnWw. AXpsImv ck{]`mhntbpw {Zhy{]`mhntbpw tZmj{]`mhntbpw tcmK{]`mhntbpw XXzs D]tZinpXcmw. ChnsS Npcpn ck{ZhytZmjhnImcfpsS {]`mhs ]dbsp.

ChnsS ck{ZhytZmjhnImcfpsS {]`mhs {]IrXnka kathXambpw hnIrXn hnja kathXambpamWv ]dncnpXv. {]IrXn kathXs a\nemphm {]bmkapmIpX. AXmbXv sh\ndap \qsImv hkv{Xapmnbm hkv{Xhpw shfpncnpsav a\nemphm {]bmkan. AXmWv {]IrXnka kathXw. hnIrXn hnja kathXambm a\nemphm hnjaapv. AXmbXv a\ndap afpw sh\ndap Npmpw HcpanptNm Nphpp. CXmWv hnIrXn hnja kathXw. Atm ck{ZhytZmjhnImcfpsS {]`h Hcpanp tNcptm {]IrXnka kathXamsWn Ffpn a\nemphm Ignbpsapw hnIrXnhnja kathXamsWnepw Ffpn a\nemphm Ignbpsapw hnIrXnhnja kathXamsWn a\nemphm\ hnjaapspw Aw.

{Zhy{]`mhw ]p\cp]tZymaxssXe kna[p\n hmX]n ivtfjva{]ia\m\n {ZhymWn `hn.X{XssXew kvt\lujvWy Kucthm]]XzmZzmXw PbXn kXXa`ykvXam\w, hmtXm lncuyssiXyemLthm]]tm hncpKptWm `hXn. hncpKpWkn]ntX ln `qbkm ]ahPobtX,Xkvamssew hmXw P\bXn kXXa`ykyam\w, knxJtemhtah ]nw PbXn, am[pcymssXymahncyXzmm]nw lya[pcapjvWw XovWw N,a[pN ivtfjvamWw PbXn. cuymssvWym IjmbXzmN, ivtfjvamln km\nKvtm atma[pc.	9

C\n {ZhyfpsS {]`mhs D]tZinpXcmw. ssXew, s\v, tX Ch {Ian hmXw, ]nw, I^w Chsb iannp {ZhyfmIpp. AXpIfn ssXew kv\nKvX, DjvWhocyw, KpcpXzw ChbpXmbXpsImv \nccw ioenm hmXs Pbnpp. hmXamIs cqw, ioXw, eLpXzw ChtbmSpIqSnbXpsImv ssXens hncpKpWapXmIpp. ssXew hmXns hncpKpWsfmw IqSntXmsWnqSn Htckabw IqSpXembp]tbmKnm hmXs Aev]w am{Xta PbnpIbpp. AXpsImv ssXew \nccw tkhnm hmXs ]qambpw Pbnpp. CXpt]mseXs s\v ]ns Pbnpp. ImcWw s\v a[pchpw ssiXyhpw ahncyhpw DXmIpp. ]namIs CXn\v hn]coXamb Aa[pchpw (Fcnhpw) DjvWhpw XovWhpw DXmIpp. tX I^s Pbnpp. cqXbpw XovWhpw Ijmbckhpw DXpsImv I^amIs CXn\v hn]coXamb kv\nKvXbpw aKpWhpw a[pchpw DXmIpp.

bm\yZ]nInn{hytahw hmX]nIt^t`ymKpWtXm hn]coXw kym XssXm PbXy`ykyam\w.	10

atddsXnepw {Zhyw CXpt]mse hmX]nI^v hn]coXKpWapXmbptm Ahbpw \nccw ioenm hmX]n I^sf PbnpXmbncnpw. (CXmWv {ZhyfptSbpw tZmjfptSbpw {]IrXnka kathX {]`mhw.)

AYJep {XoWn {ZhymWn \m`yp]bpRvPoXm[nIat\yt`ym {Zthy`yx. XZyYm]nenx mcw eh WanXn. ]nteym ln ISpImx ktXyma[pchn]mImxKpthym \mXyw kv\nKvtmjvWmx {]IvtfZnt\ymt`jPm`naXm, Xmx kZyx ip`mip`Imcn tWym `hn; B]mX`{Zmx {]tbmK kamkmZv KpWymZvtZmjkbm\p_mx. kXXw D]bpPyam\m ln Kpcp{]IvtfZnXzm ivtfjvamW apIvtfibn,HujvWm ]nw. \ N hmX{]ia\mb I]t A]kvt\tlmjvW`mhm tbmKhmln\ykvXpJep`hn, Xkvam ]neo \m`yp]bpRvPoX.	11

addv {Zhyfnhv aqv {Zhy A[nIambp]tbmKncpXv. AXv GsXmsaphmXnen, mcw, Dv FnhbmIpp. XnenbmIs Fcnhv ckamsWnepw hn]mIn a[pchpw KpcphpamWv. AXy[nIw kv\nKvXbpw DjvWhpw DX. tZs DmpXmWv. Huj[ambp]tbmKnmw. Xnen Wn ip`tbpw Aip`tbpw Dmpp. Aev]am{Xbnepw Aev]Imehpw D]tbmKnm kZvKpWtbpw AXnam{Xbnepw \nccambpw D]tbmKnm tZmjh\hnt\bpw Dmpw \nccw D]tbmKnpXmbm KpcpXztbpw tZtbpw DmpXmbXpsImv I^s hnnpp. DjvWhocywsImv ]ns hnnpp. Aev]kv\nKvXbpw Aevt]mjvWhpw DXmbXpsImv hmXia\n\mbn {]tbmKnmhpX. ]nen \nbambpw tbmKhmln\nbmIpp. AXpsImv Xnen A[nIambp]tbmKncpXv.

Xnen tbmKhmlnbmsWv ]dXpsImv addv {ZhytfmSv tNp]tbmKnm Xs KpWs \ne\nnsmvXs addv {ZhyfpsS KpWs hnnpXmsWw. Atm Xnen Aev]mev]w Huj[ambp]tbmKnmsapw Blmcwt]mse AXy[nIambp]tbmKncpXv FpamWv CXn\nv a\nemtXv.

mcx ]p\cuvWy ehtWm]]x IvtfZbXnXzmZu ]mZp]timjbXn ZlXn ]NXn`n\n kwLtXw. k ]N\ Zl\ t`Z\map]bpRvPytX. tkmƒXn{]bqPyam\x tIimn lrZb ]pw kvtXzm]LmXIcx kZytX. tbm tly\kvXp{Kma\Kc \nKaP\]Zmx kXXap]bpRvPytX, tXƒ]ym\[yjmWvUyJmenXy ]menXy`mtPm lrZbm]In\ `hn. XZyYm {]mbx {]mNymo\mXkvam mcw \m`yp]bpRvPnX.	12

]ns mcw DjvWXovWeLpKpWbpamIpIbm BZyw \qehns\ DmpIbpw ]noSv hcsb DmpIbpw sNpp. AXv ]gpnphm\pw ]nfphm\pw D]tbmKnmhpXmWv. mcw AXnbmbp]tbmKnm XeapSn, Iv, lrZbw, ]pcpjXzw Chbvv \mis DmpXmWv. {Kmanepw ]Wnepw hym]mcepw Xnn]mp P\ Cu mcsbmIs \nccw D]tbmKnpp. Ah AXbpw \]pwkIXzhpw Ijnbpw \cbpw lrZbn thZ\bpw Dhcmbnocpp. Ah anhmdpw {]mNytZihmknIfpw (Bkmw, _wKm apXemb tZifn hknphcpw) ssN\mcpw BIpp. AXpsImv mcw A[nIambp]tbmKncpXv.

ehWw hp\cuvWy ssXvtWym]]a\Xn Kp\Xn kv\nKvw D]IvtfZn hn{kw k\kaa{ZhycpNnIcam]mZ`{Zw {]tbmK kakmZv KpWymZv tZmjkbm\p_w, Xt{ZmN\ ]Nt\m]IvtfZ\ hn{kwk\map]bqPytX, XZXyap]bqPyam\w Kvfm\nssiYney Zu_eym`n \nhrnIcw icocky `hXn. tbm tly\Zv {Kma\Kc\mKa P\]Zmx kXXap]bpRvPytX, tX `qbnjvTw Kvfmkv\hx inYneamwktimWnXm A]cnIvtfi klm `hn. XZbYm_mlnI kucmjv{SnIsskh kuhocImx, tX ln ]bkm]nkl kZmehWaiv\n tb ƒ]ol`qtacXyqjcmtZimkvtXtjzmj[n hocpZz\kv]XIn hm\kv]Xym \ Pmbt, A]tXPtkm hm`hn ehtWm]lXXzm. XkvamhWw \m`yp]bpRvPoX. tb ^yXnehWkmymx]cpjmkvtXjma]n JmenXy]menXym\n _ebmImte `hn. Xkvam tXjmw XkmyXx{ItaWm]Ka\w t{ibx. kmtym]n ln {Iamnhyam\atZmja]tZmjw hm `hXn.	13

Dv DjvWhocyhpw XovWXbpw DXmIpp. AXnKpcpXzhpw AXnkv\nKvXbpw DX. \qehns\ DmpXmWv. aes Cfphm kaambnpXmWv. Blmckm[\v cpNnsb Dmpw. Aev]am{Xbn D]tbmKnm kZvKpWtbpw A[nIambp]tbmKnm tZmjh\hnt\bpw Dmpw. Dv cpNnsb Dmphm\pw Blmcs ]Nnnphm\pw \pehns\ Dmphm\pw aes Cfphm\pw D]tbmKnmhpXmWv. AXv A[nIambp]tbmKnm icocn\v m\nbpw inYneXbpw _ebhpw DmIpp. CXv {Kmanepw ]Wnepw hym]mcefnepw Xnn]mp P\ \nccw D]tbmKnpp. Ah IqSpX m\ntbmSpIqSnbhcmbpw amwkn\pw cn\pw inYneXbphcmbpw tis klnm Ignbmhcmbpancnpw. Ans\bph _mlnIkucmjv{Sknpkuhnc tZihmknIfmIpp. AhcmIs ]mtemSpIqSntmepw Ftmgpw Dv Ignpp. Cu ]d {]tZip `qan AXnbmb Dv apXmIbm AhnSfn Hmj[n (Huj[ [m\ymZnI), hocpZv (eXmZnI), h\kv]Xn (]pjv]anmsX Imbvph), hm\kv]Xyw (^e]pjv]klnXaph) DmIpX. AYhm DmhpIbmsWn KpWw Ipdhbmbncnpw. ImcWw Dv Ahsb \innpIfbpXmWv. AXpsImv Dv AXnbmbp]tbmKncpXv. Dv A[nIambp]tbmKnp ioeaphv Ijn, C{ep]vXw, \c, icocn Npfnhv Ch AImen DmhpIbpw sNpw. (Dns AXyp]tbmKnepmIp lm\nsb kw_nv kq{Xm\n Bt{Xb`{ZIm]ybmymbn ]dnpv.

Xkvamtjmw X kmyXx {ItaWm]Kaw t{ibxkmya]n ln {ItatWm]\nhXyam\ atZmja]tZmjw hm `hXn.	14

AXpsImv ioenphnp Dv, mcw apXembhbpsS D]tbmKw {Ian Dt]npXv t{ibkvIcambncnpw, kmyambmt]mepw {ItaW Dt]nm tZmjw DmIpX. AYhm DmhpIbmsWnXs Aev]tZmjta DmhpIbpp. (kmyambh s]spt]nm At\Iw tZmjfpmIpsaw.)

kmyp \maX bZmm\yp]titX, kmymtmlyp]ibmx. X {Xnhn[w {]hcmhca [yhn`mtK\, k]vXhn[p XsskyssIItXz\ kctkm]tbmKm. X{X kckw {]hcw, AhctaIckw, a[yap {]hcmhc a[yw. X{Xmhca[ym`ymw kmym`yw tkhnXm`ymw {ItassWh {]hcap]]mZtb kmymw. kcka]n{Zhyw kmyw D]]w kmWymlmchn[nhntijmbX\m\nA`nkaoy lnXtahm\ncpt[yX.	15

kmyw Fv ]dbpXv icocn\pw Bmhn\pw a\n\pw kpJIcambnptXtXm AXmIpp. kmyntbpw D]ibntbpw Aw HpXsbmIpp. AXv (kmyw) {]hcw (t{ijTw), Ahcw (kzev]w), a[yaw Fo hn`mKm aqv hn[nemIpp. Hmtcmckambpw Fm ckfptSbpw D]tbmKwsImpw AXv Ggnhn[nepw BIpp. AXpIfn Fm ckfpw tNXv {]hckmyhpw Hcp ckw am{XambnpXv Ahckmyhpw cpw aqpw \mepw Apw ck IqSntXv a[yakmyhpw BIpp. AXpIfn Ahckmyhpw a[yakmyhpw ioenpXn\nv {ItaW {]hckmyn {]thinWw. (AXmbXv Fm ckfpw ioenWsaw.) Fm ckfpw D {Zhyw kmyamsWnqSn Fm Blmchn[nIfptSbpw `nXbpsS ImcWsf ]cnonv lnXamb Blmcss ioenWw.

X{X Jeznam\yjvSmhmlmc hn[nhntijmbX\m\n `hn. XZyYm{]IrXnIiW kwtbmKcmintZiImtem]tbmK kwtm]tbm{jvSam\n `hn.	16

AXpIfn Blmchn[n hntij ImcW C\n]dbp Fv hn[nemIpp. AXv F{]Imcsam{]IrXn, IcWw, kwtbmKw, cmin, tZiw, Imew, D]tbmK\nbaw, D]tbmKnph FnhbmIpp.

X{X {]IrXncpNytX kz`mthmbx k ]p\cmlmcuj[ {ZhymWmw kzm`mhntIm KpmZn KpWtbmKx.XZyYmamjapZv Ktbmx iqIsscWtbm.	17

AXpIfn kz`mhn\v {]IrXn Fv ]dbpp. Blmcuj[{Zhyv kzm`mhnIambpmIp Kpcp, eLp apXemb KpW kwtbmKamWv kz`mhw. AXv F{]ImcsamDgpn\v KpcpXzhpw sNbp]bdn\v eLpXzhpw ]namwkn\v KpcpXzhpw am\ns amwknv eLpXzhpw AhbpsS kz`mhamIpp.

IcWw ]p\xkzm`mhnI {ZhymWma`nkwkvImcx. kwkvImtcmln KpWm[m\apNytX. tX KpWmtXmbmn knIj iuNa\ tZiImehti\ `mh\mZn`nx Ime{]Ij `mP\mZn`nm[obt.	18

kzm`mhnIambp {ZhyfpsS kwkvImcn\v IcWw Fv ]dbpp. kwkvImcwsImv {Zhyns ]qKpWn\v `namb KpWapmIpXnv kwkvImcw Fv ]dbpp. B KpW shntbpw AnbptSbpw kwtbmKw, IgpInhrnbm, ISb, tZiw, Imew ChbpsS kzm[o\wsImpw `mh\mZnIfmepw Ime{]IjwsImpw ]m{XmZnIfmepw DmIpp.

ImTn\yap Acn apXembh PekwtbmKwsImv arZphmbnocpp. AXpt]mseXs KpcpXzap Acn hdpm AnkwtbmKwsImv eLphmbnocpp. AipNnbmb hkv{XmZnI IgpIn hrnbmnbm ipNnbpXmbnocpp. ssXcv ISm tamcmbn ]cnWanpp. PmwKem\q] km[mcWmZntZihti\ icocmlmcuj[n{Zhyv ImTn\ym{Z km{XovWXzmZn KpWm[m\w kw`hnpp. kwhcmb\EXpZn\cm{XmZnImehti\ mhc PwKav KpWhntijw DmIpp. AXmbXv mhcfn ^emZnIfpsS Ba]Izhpw a[pcmckmZnKpWpw PwKafn _meybu\hmIy cq]{]amW _pymZnIpw Imehti\ KpWhntijw DmIpp Fw. {Zhyfn IjmbmZn Pew tNp ]I apgph shbn hp cm{Xn FSpp shpXn\v `mh\ Fv ]dbpp. Ans\ At\I{]mhiyw `mh\ sNbvXm {Zhyn\v KpWmcw kw`hnpXmWv. AcnjvSmkhv Ime{]Ijw sImv KpWm[m\w kw`hnpp. Hmns ]m{Xn ]pfnckap {Zhyw hm hnjXpeyambnocpp. CXmWv ]m{XwsImpmIp KpWmcw. CXmWv cmaXmbn ]d IcWw. C\n aqmas kwtbmKsbmWv ]dbpXv.

kwtbmKkvXp]p\Zztbm _lq\mw hm {ZhymWmw kwlXo`mhx. k hntijamc`tX bssItim{ZhymWymc`t. XZyYma[pkntjmx a[paky]bkm kwtbmKx.	19

kwtbmKw FXmIs ctm AXne[nItam {Zhy Hcpanp tNcpXmIpp. Ans\ tNcptm AXn\v Nne hntijXI DmIpp. Hcp {Zhyw am{Xambm Ans\bp hntijs DmpX. AXv F{]ImcsamtX\pw s\pw Xpeyambntm hnjambnocpp. AXpt]mseXs tX\pw ayhpw ]mepw Hcpanp tNmepw hnjambnocpp. (C\n \memaXmbn ]d cminsb ]dbpp.)

cminkvXpk{Kl]cn{ilu am{Xm am{Xm^e hn\nbm, X{X kkymlmcky {]amW{K^WwGI]nWvtU\ k{Klx ]cn{Kl]p\x{]amW{KlWtassI I tXz\mlmc {ZhymWmw.kky {Klx. k{Klx ktXm{Klx ]cn{KlDNytX.	20

cmin ({]amWw) BIs k{Klw, ]cn{Klw, Fns\ cphn[nemIpp. CXv am{XbptSbpw Aam{XbptSbpw ^e\nbn\pthnbmIpp. (AXmbXv Blmcuj[fpsS icnbmb am{XsImv ip`^ehpw sXddmb am{XsImv Aip`^ehpw DmIpXv a\nemphm\msWw.) AXpIfn Fmhn[ Blmcfpw tNnpXns Afhns\ a\nempXv HcpcpfsImmbncnpXn\v k{Klw Fv ]dbpp. ]ns Hmtcm Blmc{ZhyfpsS Afhns\ Hmtcm DcpfIfmn {]tXyIw {]tXyIw a\nempXns\ ]cn{Klw Fv ]dbpp. Fmw Hp tNnpXns {KlWn\v k{Klw Fpw Fmddn\npw {KlnpXn\v ]cn{Klsapw ]dbpp.

Hcmv DuWn\v Acnbpw ]cnpw FmwIqSn Hcp\mgn thWw Fv IWmp Afhn\v k{Klsapw Hcmv DuWn\v Acn C{X]cnv C{X s\v C{X Fsmw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw Afp IWmpXn\v ]cn{KlWsapw ]dbpp. ChnsS Blmcns {]amWambnmWv ]dnpsXnepw Huj[ns {]amWn\pw CXv _m[IamsWv a\nemWw. Cu ]d cminsImpw Blmcuj[v KpWmcw kw`hnpsaw. C\nbtXv tZiamWv.

tZix ]p\x m\w, {ZhymWmap]n{]Nmcu tZikmyw ]mNjvtS.	21

]ns m\n\v tZiw Fv ]dbpp. CXpsImv {ZhyfpsS D]ntbbpw {]Nmctbpw tZikmytbpw ]dbpp.

Cu ]d tZihyXymkwsImpw {ZhyfpsS KpWv hyXymkw kw`hnpXmWv. AXmbXv lnamebnepmIp Huj[mZnI Kpcphpw acp{]tZipmIpXv eLphpw Bbncnpw. AXpt]mseXs PmwKetZin kcnp ]n arKmZnIfpsS amwkw eLphpw B\q]tZinteXv Kpcphpw Bbncnpw. ]ns tZikmyw AXmbXv B\q]tZihmknIv DjvWcqmKZn {Zhy kmyambncnpw. PmwKetZihmknIv ioXkv\nKvmZn{Zhy kmyambncnpw. Atm BlmcfpsS KpW\nbn\v tZim\wIqSn BhiyamsWw.

Imtemln \nXyKmhnI. X{XmhntIm hnImcw At]tX. \nXyKp JepEXpkm ymt]x.	22

ImeamIs \nXyKsapw BhnIsapw cp hn[nemIpp. AXpIfn BhnIImew tcmKs At]npXmIpp. \nXyKImeamIs EXpkmys At]npXmIpp.

Pzcw Ccp]smv Znhkw Ignm PoPzcamsWpw \hPzcn ]mev AlnXamsWpw ]dbpXpt]msebp tcmKs At]np BlmcImen\mWv BhnIw Fv ]dbpXv. EXpkmys At]np BlmcImen\v \nXyKw Fv ]dbpp. CXv kq{Xm\n kzhr {]IcWn hnhcnnpv.

D]tbmKkwm D]tbmK\nbax, k PoWvWemWmt]x.	23

D]tbmKns \nban\v D]tbmKkwm Fv ]dbpp. B D]tbmK\nbaw PoeWs At]nncnpp.

PoeWw “DZvKmcipncpkmtlm thtKm ktmbtYmNnXx eLpXmp ]n]mkmN Pomlmcky eWw” CXn. CXv Blmc\nban Gddhpw kpJambXmIpp APot`mP\w ]etcmKpw ImcWambnocpXmWv.

D]tbmIv Im ]p\bkvXamlmcmap]bpIvtX, bZmbtamIkmyw. CXyjvSmhmlmchn[n hntijmbX\m\n `hn. Gjmw hntijmx ip`mip`^em ]ckv]tcm]ImcIm`hn, Xm _p`qtkX,_pzmN lntX]vkpkym . \ N tamlm {]amZmZzm {]nbalnXakptJmZw D]tkhyw InnZmlmcPmXa\yZ hm.	24

Cu ]d {]IrXymZn Blmc hn[nhntijmbX\sf thXpt]mse t\mn GsXmcph Blmcs D]tbmKnppthm Ahs\ D]tbmmhv (D]tbmKnph) Fv ]dbpp. HmIkmyw (Blmcs B{ibnpXn\pkcnp kmyw) D]tbmmhn[o\hpamIpp. (AXmbXv Hcph GsXmv ioenp kmyambnocppthm AXv Ahv HmIkmyamIpp Fw.) Blmchn[nhntij ImcW C{]Imcw Fv hn[nemIpp. Cu {]IrXymZn Blmchn[nhntij ip`^etbpw Aip`^etbpw Dmpp. AXv ]ckv]cw D]ImcambnocpIbpw sNpp. Ahsb Adnbphm\m{KlapmbncnWw. Adnnv lntXphmbncnpIbpwthWw. tamlwsImtm {]amZwsImtm {]bambntmpXpw AlnXambnpXpw ]noSv ZpxJs DmpXpamb Hcmlmctbpw AYhm addv hnlmctbpw ioencpXv.

Xt{XZatlmchn[nhn[m\atcmKmWm amXpcmWm tIjmn Imte {]IrssXyh loXXaw `pRvPm\m\mw `hXn. DjvWw kv\nKvw am{Xmhot hocymhncp anjvtStZti CjvS ktm]IcWw \mXn{ZpXw \mXnhnfw _nXaP]lkwkvXa\m`pRvPoX Bm\a`n kaoy kayIv. Xky NkmZvKpWyap]tZymax.	25

C\n]dbp Blmchn[n hn[m\w kzmpw tcmKnIpw GXm\pw Nnesnepw BlmcImen Blmcw Ignphpw {]IrXymXs Gddhpw lnXambnpXmIpp. NqSpXpw kv\nKvXbpXpw IrXyamb Afhnepw apv Ign Blmcw Zlnmepw hocyn hncpamXpw CjvSamb ev hpw CujvSamb Fm D]IcWtfmSpIqSnbpw IqSpX thKnemsXbpw IqSpX kmh[m\nemsXbpw kwkmcnmsXbpw NncnmsXbpw BlmcnXs {inpw Blmcw IgnWw. Ignp Blmcw kmyamtWm Fv \hw Nnnnv Blmcw IgnpIbpw thWw. (“tIjmn BXpcmWm,” Fv ]dXpsImv c]ntcmKnIv ioXmlmchpw I^tcmKnIv DjvWvlmchpamWv lnXsaw.) Ans\bp Blmchn[nhn[m\ns kKpWs D]tZinpXcmw.

DjvWaiv\obmDjvWw ln `qPyam\w kzZtX `qw Nm n a\pZoapZocbXn n{]w PcmwKNvjXnhmXm\ptemabXn. ivtfjvamW ]cntimjbXn, Xkvam DjvWaiv\obm.	26

NqSp Blmcw IgnWw. NqSp BlmcamIs Xnm cqNnbpmIpw. an PTcmnsb hnnpw. Wn ZlnpIbpw sNpw. hmbpsh A\ptemaampw. I^s timjnnpIbpw sNpw. AXpsImv NqSp Blmcw IgnWw.

kv\nKvaiv\nbmkv\nKvw ln `pPyam\w kzZtX. `pw HuZncyanapZocbXn. n{]w PcmwKXn, hmXa\ptemabXn, ZrVoItcmXn icotcm]Nbw, _em`nhrnw Nm`nP\bXn h {]kmZa]n Nm`n\nhbXn, Xkvam kv\nKvaiv\obm.	27

kv\nKvXbp Blmcw IgnWw. kv\nKvXbp BlmcamIs Xnm cpNnbpmIpw. PTcmnsb hnnpw. Wn ZlnpIbpw sNpw. hmbpsh A\ptemaampw. icocnse amwkmZnIsf ZrUoIcnpw, AXmbXv DdpXmpw. _es hnnpIbpw h{]kmZs DmpIbpw sNpw. AXpsImv kv\nKvXbp Blmcw IgnWw.

am{XmhZiv\obmam{XmhZ[n`qw hmX]nI^m\{]]oUbZmbptch hnhbXn tIhew. kpJw KpZc\p]tcyXn t\mjvamWap]lyhyY]cn]mItaXn. Xkvam am{XmhZiv\obm,	28

IrXyamb Afhn Blmcw IgnWw. IrXyamb Afhn Ignp BlmcamIs hmX]nsf ]oUnnpX. tIhew Bbpns\ Xs hnnpIbpw sNpw. kpJambn KpZwhsc t]mhpIbpw sNpw. (AXmbXv thXpt]mse Zln aew kpJambn ]pdtv t]mIpsaw.) PTcmn ao`hnmtX kaambn \nevpw. bmsXmcp tihpw IqSmsX ZlnpIbpw sNpw. AXpsImv Hcp \nnX Afhn Blmcw IgnWw.

Pot ƒiv\nbmAPot ln `pRvPm\kym`yhlrXamlmcPmXw ]qkym cka]cnWXaptcWmlmc ctkt\m]krP km tZmjm {]tIm]bXymip. Pnt `pRvPm\ky kzm\tjptZmtjjp Au tNmZotPmXmbm _p`qmbmw hnhrtXjp Nt{kmXkmw aptJjqZvKmtc hnipt lrZtb hnipt hmXm\ptemtay hnkrjvtSjp N hmXaq{X]pcojthtKjp A`yhlrXamlmcPmXw kicoc[mXq A]{hZqjbZmbptchm`n hbXn tIhew. Xkvam Pot ƒiv\obm.	29

BZyw Ign Blmcw ZlnXn\ptijw hopw Blmcw IgnWw. APoemIs Blmcw Ignm BZyw Ign Blmcns ]mIw hcm cktmSv ]noSv Ignp Blmcns ckw tNp Fm tZmjtfbpw Wn tIm]nnpp, BZyw Ign Blmcw ZlnXn\ptijw Blmcw Ignph\v hmXmZntZmj Xs m\v \nevpIbpw PTcmnsb hnnpIbpw hnipmpIbpw t{kmtXmapJsfmw XpdpIbpw Gw ipamhpIbpw lrZbw ipamhpIbpw hmbp A\ptemaamIpIbpw At[mhmX aq{X aefpsS thK thXpt]mse {]hnpIbpw sNptm Ign Blmcn\npmIp ckw Fm icoc[mXptfbpw ZpjnnmsX tIhew Bbpns\ Xs hnnpXmIpp. AXpsImv BZyw Ign Blmcw ZlnXn\ptijw am{Xw hopw Blmcw IgnWw.

hocymhncpaiv\nbmAhncphocyaiv\ln \ hnap hocyjmcssP hn{Imssccbap]kr PytX. Xkvam ]ocymhncp aiv\obm.	30

hncyhncpam Blmcw IgnWw. hncyhncpmlmcw Ignph\mIs hocyhncpP\yamb tcmKtfmSpIqSnbh\mbnocpX. AXpsImv hocyhncpam Blmcw IgnWw. (CXv kq{Xm\n Bt{Xb `{ZIm]yobmymbn hnhcnnpv. DZmlcWambn]dm DjvWhocyap ayhpw amwkhpw ioXhocyap ]mepw HcpanptNp IgncpsXw. Ans\ hncyhncpamb Blmcw Ignm IpjvThnkmZn tcmKfpmIpXmWv.)

CjvtS tZti Aiv\obmCjvtS ln tZti `pRvPmt\m \m\njvS tZissP at\mhnLmXIssc `mssh at\mhnLmXw {]m]vt\mXn, XtYjvssSx ktm]IcWx XkvamZnjvtS tZti XtYjvSktm]IcWw Nmiv\obm.	31

a\n\njvSamb ev hv Blmcw IgnWw. at\m\pIqeamb ev hv Blmcw IgnpXmbm, A\njvSev hv Blmcw IgnmepmIp a\v NobmIp Imat{Im[mZnIfm a\v hnIrXamIpX. AXpt]mseXs at\m\pIqeamb Fmhn[ D]IcWtfmSpIqSnbpw Blmcw IgnWw. (D]IcW Nobmbmepw a\v hnIrXamIpsaw) AXpsImv CjvSamb ev hv CjvSamb Fm D]IcWtfmSpw IqSn B{lw IgnWw.

\mXn{ZpXaiv\obmAXn{ZpXw ln `pRvPm\tkymkvt\l\w kzmZ\ t`mP\kym {]XnjvTm\w t`mPytZmj kmZvKptWym]e_v[n\ \nbXm. XkvammXn{ZpXaiv\obm	32

AXnthKn Blmcw IgncpXv. AXn{ZpXKXnbn Blmcw Ignphv Blmcw hn]coXamn AXmbXv izmk\mfnbnepw addpw t]mIpw. Blmcns icnbmb cpNnbdnbpX.

Blmcw tImjvTn icnv \nevpX. Blmcnep Iv, apv apXemb tZmjttbm ]mItZmjttbm kZvKpWttbm thXpt]mse Adnbm IgnbpX. AXpsImv AXnthKXbn Blmcw IgncpXv.

\mXnhnfw_nX aiv\obmAXnhnfw_nXw ln `qRvPmt\t\ Xr]vXna[nKXn _lp`qvtX ioXo`hXymlmcPmXw hnja]mI `hXn. XkvammXn hnfw_nX aiv\nbm.	33

hfsc kmh[m\nBlmcw IgncpXv. hfsc kmh[m\n Blmcw Ignph\v Xr]vXnbpmIpX. IqSpX Blmcw Ignphm\pw IgnbpX. Blmcw XWppt]mIpw. Ipdp Zlnpw Ipdp ZlnmsXbpancnpw. AXpsImv hfsc sat Blmcw IgncpXv.

AP]lk Xa\m `pRvPoX. P]tXm lktXm ƒ\ya\tkm hm `pRvPm\ky X Gh lntZmjm `hn, b GhmXn {ZpXaiv\Xx. XkvamZP]l kwkvXa\m`pRvPoX.	34

kwkmcnmsXbpw NncnmsXbpw Blmcn Xs a\hpsImpw Blmcw IgnWw. kwkmcnpw Nncnpw Blmcn {inmtXbpw Blmcw Ignph\v AXnthKn Blmcw Ignph\pmIp tZmj Xs DmIpXmWv. AXpsImv kwkmcnmsXbpw NncnmsXbpw Blmcn a\v hpw Blmcw IgnWw.

Bm\a`nkaoy. `pRvPoX kayIvCZw atam]titX CZwt\m]titX tXyhw hnZnXw lykym\ B kmyw `hXn. XkvamZmm\a`n kaoIvjy`qRvPoX kayKnXn.	35

X\nv kmyambnpXns\ \hw Nnnp t\mnbnv Blmcw IgnWw. CXv F\nv kpJIcambncnpw. CXv F\nv ZpxJIcambncnpw Fn{]Imcw Nnnp Blmcw Ignph\v Blmcw kzbw kmyambncnpw. AXpsImv Ah\h\v kmyambnpXns\ \hw t\mnbnv Blmcw IgnWw.

`hnNm{X
ckm {ZhymWn tZmjmw hnImcmw {]`mhXx thZtbm tZiIm euN icocwN kt\m`njIv	36

ckw, {Zhyw, tZmjw, tcmKw, tZiw, Imew, icocw ChbpsS {]`mhtmSpIqSn GsXmcph Adnbppthm Ah \pv sshZy\msWdnbWw.

X{XivtfmIu

hnam\mtmck {ZhytZmjtcmKmx {]`mhXx {ZhmbmWn\mXn tkhym\n {Xhn[w kmytah N.	37

BlmcmbX\m\yjvSu t`mPykmZvKqWytahN hnamt\ck kwJymtX ktaX {]IminXw	38

hnam\m\ns {]tbmP\w ckw, {Zhyw, tZmjw, tcmKw ChbpsS {]`mh, IqSpX D]tbmKnm ]mSnm {Zhy, aqphn[nep kmy, Fv hn[nep Blmchn[n hntijmbX\, Blmcns kKpW Chsbmw Cu ckhnam\mymbn hnhcnsncnpp.

CXynthi IrtXXt{ NcI{]XnkwkvIrtX XrXotbm hnam\mt\ ckhnam\w \ma {]Ytamƒymb

tmI :

1 - 13

14 - 26

27 - 38