chaper4

Aymbw  4

{Xnhn-[-tcmK hnti-j-hn-m-\obw hnam\w

tmI :

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AYmXkv{Xnhn[tcmK hntijhnm\obw hnam\w hymJymkymax CXnlkvaml `Khm\mt{Xbx	1

C\n hnam\m\nse {Xhn[tcmK hntijhnm\obw hnam\w F Aymbs Bt{Xb `Khm D]tZinXp{]Imcw Anthi aljn hnhcnpp.

{Xnhn[w Jep tcmKhntij hnm\w `hXn. XZvbYmD]tZix {]Xya\pam\mXn.	2

tcmKhntijns hnm\w aqv hn[nemIpp. AXv F{]Imcsam1. B]vtXm]tZiw, 2. {]Xyw, 3. A\pam\w.

X{Xm]vtXm]tZtim\ma B]vXhN\w; B]vXmlyhnXkvarXnhn`mKhntZm \njv{]oXyp]Xm]Zin\; tXjmtahw KpWtbmKmZv bZzN\w X{]amWw, A{]amWw ]p\atma aqJh{r ZrjvSmZrjvShN\anXn.	3

AXpIfn bYmw a\nemnbhcpsS hmn\v B]vtXm]tZiw Fv ]dbpp. B]vXmscm {XnImem\tbpw kwibwIqSmsX kvacWbneqsS X]insImv ImWphcmIpp. Cu hn[nep KpWtfmSpIqSnbXmhpI\nanw AhcpsS GsXmcphN\aptm AXv {]amWamIpp. aZymZnIfm aZn amcpw DmZmZPntcmK _m[n Dmcpw aqmcpw Ipw ImWmsXbpw ]dbp hmv A{]amWamIpp. AXmbXv {]amWasw.

tcmKhntijs a\nemphm\mWv ChnsS B]vtXm]tZiw, {]Xyw, A\pam\w Fo {]amWsf ]dncnpXv. AXmbXv ]qmNmcym ]d \nZm\]ImZnIfneqtSbpw {]Xyn Ipw Dulnpw tcmKhntijs AdnbWsaw. Cu {]amWsf a\ns AphrnIfn Hmbnv ]mXRvPetbmK kq{Xn ]dncnpXv. “{]amWhn]cymbhnI\n{ZmkvarXbx” CXn. “{]Xym\pam\mKamx {]amWm\n” BKaw = B]vtXm]tZiw. C\n kmwJym JwKoIcnncnp {]amW Fns\bmsWv IqSn]dbmw. ZrjvSw, A\pam\w, B]vXhN\w, Fo aqv {]amWfpsS klmbtmSpIqSn {]tabfmb (AdnbstS hkvXpfmb) ]pcpj, {]IrXn, alZmZn, k]vX{]IrXn hnIrXnI, tjmUihnImc Fnhsbpdnv icnbmb Adnhpmmw FmWv kmwJyaXw. ChnsS ZrjvSw Fv ]dncnpXv {]Xyw F {]amWsbmWv. {KhnkvXmc`bwsImv Chsb kw_nv ChnsS IqSpX hnhcnpn. B]vX eWw kq{Xm\n Xoss{kjWobmymbn ]dnpXn{]ImcamWv.

cPkvXtam`ymw \npmkvXt]mm\ _te\tbm tbjmw {XImeaae m\ahymlXw kZm B]vXmx injvTmhn_pmkvtX................................” CXn {]Xyw Xp \ma Jep XZy kzban{nssbcmXv a\mtNm]e`ytX,	4

{]Xyw Fv ]dbpXmIs at\m_po{nbZzmcmInp AdnhmIpp. AXmbXv ]t{nbfneqsS Ipw tIpw aWpw cpNnpw kv]inpw t\cn Adnbp Adnhn\mWv {]Xy{]amWw Fv ]dbpXv. kq{Xm\w Xoss{kjWobmymbn ]dXv t\mpI.

“Bt{nbat\m ƒm\mw knIjm {]htX hytXZmtXz bm _pnx {]Xyw km \ncpNytX.” CXn. A\pam\A JepXtm bpyt]x.	5

bpnsb At]np Xn\v A\pam\w Fv ]dbpp. AXmbXv Hcp ev ]pIIm AhnsS Xobpsv A\pam\npp. Fm ]pI ImWptSsmw Xobpsv A\pam\nmhpX. ]mNIimebn\nv ]pI s]mpXpIm AhnsS Xobpsv A\pam\nmw. sshtm IqnbnXn\nv ]pI s]mpXpIm AhnsS Xobpsv A\pam\nmhpX. AXpt]mseXs ]Xn\nv ]pI s]mpXpIm Xobpspw Cspw A\pam\nmhpXmWv. Cns\ ImcyImcWklnXw bpnsb At]np Xnp AdnbsSm hnjbs DulndnbpXn\mWv A\pam\w Fv ]dbpXv. “AhnmX XtXz ƒ ImctWm]]nkvXXzm\m aqlkvX” CXn \ymbZi\w.

{Xnhnt[\ Jtezt\\ m\kapZmtb\ ]qw]coytcmKw kYm ktathmc Imea[yhkm\atZmjw `hXn; \ ln m\mhbth\Irkvt\ttb m\ap]ZytX.	6

B]vtXm]tZiw, {]Xyw, A\pam\w Fo aqphn[ {]amWfneqsS Fm tcmKtfbpw BZyw ]condnnv Ahkm\w Hcp Xocpam\nsepXmbm AXv tZmjclnXambncnpw. CXn GsXnepw Hcp {]amWw sImv am{Xw Adnncnt apgph Imcyhpw Adnbphm IgnbpX. (AXmbXv B]vtXm]tZimZnaqv {]amWtfsmpw tcmK]co \SWsapw GtXnepw Htm ctm {]amWwsImv tcmK]co \SWsapw GsXnepw Htm ctm {]amWwsImv tcmK]co \Snbm tcmKns ]qamb hnhcw InpIbnspw Aw.)

{Xnhnt[ Xkvan m\kapZmtb ]qam]vtXm]mZimn m\w. XXx {]Xym\pam\m`ymw ]cotm]]ZytX. Inwly\p]ZnjvSw ]qwb {]Xym\pam\m`ymw ]coamtWm hnZym. Xkvam Zznhn[m ]com m\hXmw {]Xyw A\pam\. {Xnhn[w hm ktlm]tZtit\n _pnax.	7

Cu aqphn[ {]amWfn BZyw B]vtXm]tZiwsImv Xs tcmKXXzs AdnbWw. AXn\p tij{InbmImev tcmKnbpsS i_vZmZnIsf {]XywsImpw PTcmymZnIsf A\pam\wsImpw ]condnbWw. FpsImsm BZyw B]vtXm]tZiw Csn {]Xym\pam\sfsmv Fv ]condnbm\mWv? AXpsImv Adnhphv {]Xyw, A\pam\w Fo cphn[]coaXnbmIpXmWv. AYhm B]vtX]tZiklnXw aqphn[nep tcmK]cosbXs _pnam B{Klnpp.

tcmKtassIItahw {]tIm]Wtahw tbm\ntahamm\ taha[njvTm\tahw thZ\tahw kwm\w Ghw i_vZkv]icq] ckK tahap]{Zhtahw hrZv[nm\bm\znXtahaZtahw \mam\tahwtbmKw hnZym. Xkvan Cbw {]XnImcmm {]hrncYhm \nhrncnXyp]tZim mbtX.	8

Hmtcmtcm tcmKw Fv ImcWm tIm]npp, FhnsSbmWv AXns Dhm\w, FmWv kzcq]w, imcocnIamtWm am\knIamtWm AXns B{ibw, GXphn[nep thZ\mhntijamWpXv, BIrXn Fns\, i_vZkv]icq]ckKsav, D]{Zhym[n GXv, tZmjns hrn, nXn, bw Fns\bpv, km[ymkm[ymZn DcIme^ew Fv, t]scv, Huj[tbmKw GXmWv, Fnhsbmw AdnbWw. Cu tcmKn ia\n\mbn C NnIn sNWw AYhm CXv Akm[yamWv. NnInntXn Fnhsbmw D]tZiZzmcm AdntbXmWv.

{]XyXkvXp Jep tcmKXXzw _p`pkpx ksscnnssbx m\n{nbmXmYm\mXpc icocKXm ]cotXm\y{X ckm\m. XZyYmA{IqP\w knkv^pS\ awKpeo]mWmw kzc hntijmw tb Nmt\y ƒ]n tINncotcm]KXmx i_vZmx kypkvXm t{it{XssWh ]cotX.	9

{]XywsImmIs tcmKXXzs Adnbphm\m{Klaph Fm C{nbtfsmpw ckm\w Hgnp tcmKnbpsS icocnse Fm C{nbfpsS hnjbtbpw ]condnbWw. AXv F{]Imcsamhbdn\npmIp i_vZw, knIfpw hncepIfpw aSptmgpw \nhptmgpw DmIp i_vZw ChbpsS hntijtbpw \mUnanSnv apXemb atddsXmw i_vZw icocneptm Ahtbbpw sNhnsImv Xs ]condnbWw.

hkwm\ {]amWmbmx icoc{]IrXn hnImcu NpsshjbnImWn bm\n Nm\ym\n Im \n N Xm\n Npssjh ]cotX.	10

hw, BIrXn, icocns Afhv, Imn, icoc{]IrXn, hnImcw, Fnhtbbpw asddsmw IdntbXmbptm Ahtbbpw Iv sImv Xs ]condnbWw.

ckw Xp JezmXpc icocKXan{nb sshjbnIa]y\pam\mZhKt, \ lyky {]XytW {KlWap]]ZytX, XkvamZmXpc ]cn{]ivt\ss\hmXpcapJckw hnZym, bptIm]ktW\Xzky icocsshckyw, antIm]kmW\ icocam[pcyw, temlnX ]n ktm^ Xp Inw [mcntemlnXw temlnX]nw thXn izImI`vWmZv [mcntemlnXw A`WmtmlnX]nanXy\pamXhyw. Gh a\ym\]ymXpc KXm ckm\\panaoX.	11

tcmKnbpsS icocnse ckw C{nb hnjbamsWnepw AXns\ A\pam\w sImdnbWw. Fm AXns Adnhv {]XyneqsS km[yamIpX. AXpsImv tcmKntbmSv tNmZnpXs tcmKnbpsS apJckw AdnbWw. t] CgbpXpsImmIs tcmKnbpsS icocns hnckXsb AdnbWw. Cu CgbpXpsImv icocns am[pcys AdnbWw. c]nns kwibnemIs t]mIp cw PnhcamtWm c]nwsImmtWm Fdnbphm AXv \mbbvtm Imbvtm sImSpm `nnpsn PohcamsWpw `nnsn c]namsWpw DulndnbWw. C{]Imcw tcmKbpsS icocnse addv cktfbpw A\pam\wsImdntbXmWv.

KmwkvXp Jep kicocKXm\mXpcky {]IrXn sshImcnIm {LmtW\ ]cotX.	12

tcmKnbpsS kicocKXambncnp {]mIrXhpw sshIrXhpamb Ksf aqv sImv aWv ]condnbWw.

kv]i N ]mWn\m {]XrXn hnIrXnbpw, CXn {]XytXm ƒ \pamss\ItZiX ]coW apw.	13

icocnse NqSv apXemb {]mIrXhpw sshIrXhpambhsb ssIsmv kv]inp ]condnbWw. C{]Imcw {]XywsImpw A\pam\wsImpw ]condntbXns GItZicq]w ]dbsp.

C taXp Jezt\y ƒt]yhtah `qbm\pam\PvtRbm `hn `mhmx; XZyYmAnw PcWiym ]cotX, _ew hymbmaiym, t{im{XmZo i_vZmZn{KltW\, at\m ƒm hy`nNctW\, hoPvRm\w hyhkmtb\, cPx kwtK\, tamlahnmt\\, t{Im[ant{ZmtlW, timIw ssZt\y\, ljamtamtZ\, {]oXnw tXmtjW. bwhnjmtZ\, ss[cyahnjmtZ\, hocyapkmtl\, Ahm\ahn{`taW,{ima`n{]mtbW, ta[mw{KltW\, kAmw \ma{KltW\, kvarXnwkvactW\, {lnba]{XhtW\,ioea\pioet\\, tZzjw {]Xntjt[\, D]m[na\p_t\, [rXnaeutey\, hiyXmw hnt[bXbm, htbm `n kmyhym[n kapm\m\n ImetZtim ]ibthZ\mhntitjW. KqVenwKwhym[nap]ibm\p]ibm`ymw, tZmj{]amWhntija] NmchntitjW,Bbpjx bacnjvssS, D]nX t{ibkvXzw IeymWm`n\nthti\, Aaew kXzahnImtcmWXn,{KlWymkvXp arZpZmcpWXzw kz]v\Zi\a`n{]mbw ZznjvtSjvS kpJZpxJm\n NmXpc]cn{]ivt\ ss\h hnZymZnXn.	14

C\n]dbp addv Nne `mh IqSn AdntbXmbpv. AXv F{]ImcsamPTcmnsb `n Blmcw Zlnp insImv ]condnbWw. _ew hymbmainsImpw, t{im{XmZn C{nbsf i_vZmZn C{nb hnjbfpsS {KlWw sImpw, a\ns\ hnjbns bYmw sImpw, hnm\s \nbmIm\w sImpw hocyw kv{XokwKwsImpw, tamlw Am\wsImpw, t{Im[w ]c]oUsImpw, ZpxJw tcmZ\mZnZo\XsImpw ljw BtamZwsImpw, {]oXnsb apJ\b\ {]kmZmXntZmjwsImpw, `bs hnjmZwsImpw, ss[cys AhnjmZwsImpw, hocyw (kaX) DmlwsImpw, _pnncXsb Ahn{`mnsImpw {isb A`n{]mbwsImpw, ta[sb {KlWinsImpw, t_m[w t]cns\ {KlnpXpsImpw, kvarXnsb kvacWsImpw, esb emIrXnsImpw, ioes (kz`mhs) XpSp A`ymkwsImpw, tZzjw {]Xntj[wsImpw, D]m[n A\p_wsImpw, [rXnsb ANeXzwsImpw, hiyXsb Bm]me\wsImpw, hb, C, kmyw, tcmK\nZm\w Chsb Imew, tZiw, D]ibw, thZ\mhntijw Chbmepw (AXmbXv hbvImewsImv DlndnbWw ]Xn\mdvhbvhsc _meyw Fo{Ian, C tZiwsImdnbWw. Ch tIcfob\mWv Acn`WnemWv B{Klw Fn{]Imcw, kmyw D]ibw sImdnbWw. tcmK\nZm\w thZ\mhntijw sImpw AdnbWsaw), tcmKns KqVeWs D]ibwsImpw A\p]ibwsImpw, tZmjns Afhnep hyXymks A]Nmchntijmepw, Bbpns bs AcnjvSeWmepw t{ibns nXn IeymWIcambXnep A`n\nthimepw, \neamb a\ns\ Imat{Im[mZn hnImcclnXmepw {KlWnbpsS arZpXzw ZmcpWXzw BlmcmZnIfnep C, tZzjw, CjvSw, AkpJw, kpJw Chsb tcmKntbmSv tNmZnpsImv Xsbpw ]condnbWw.

`hn Nm{X

B]vXXtm]tZti\ {]XyIctW\N A\pamt\\ N hym[o kayKznZymZv hnNWx	15

]WvUnX\mb sshZy B]vtXm]tZiwsImpw {]XyneqtSbpw A\pam\wsImpw tcmKsf \Xpt]mse a\nemWw.

kYm kamtemNy bYmkw`hahn AYm[yhtkytXz N Imcyw N XZ\cw	16

Adnhp sshZy Fmhn[nepw Fm bYm kw`htbpw BtemNnnv AXn\ptijw tcmKXXztbpw AXn]ns NnIntbbpw \nbnWw.

Imcy XXz hntijx {]Xn]u \ aqlyXn AaqV ^cam]vt\mXn bZtaml\nanPw.	17

Imcyhpw XXzhpw Adnbph {]hrnbn (NnInbn) {`anpX. Adnhph {`aanmbvI \nanapmIp ^eknnsb {]m]npp.

m\_pn {]Xot]\ tbm \mhniXn XXzhn BXpckymcmm\w \ k tcmKmwnInkXn.	18

GsXmcp XXzm\nbmb sshZy m\_pncq]nep {]ImineqsS tcmKnbpsS Acmmhn {]thinpntbm Ah tcmKsf NnInknpXn ka\mIpX.

X{XivtfmIu

ktcmKhntijmWmw {Xnhn[wm\ kw{Klw bYmtNm]Zniym]vXmx {]Xyw KrlytX bYm. tbm bYmNm\pamt\\ tbkvXmwm]ypZmc[ox `mhmwkv{XntcmKhnmt\ hnamt\ap\ncphm	19

Fmhn[tcmKfptSbpw aqphn[nep Adnhns Npcptbpw (B]vtXm]tZiw, {]Xyw, A\pam\w) B]vXm F{]Imcw D]tZinpp Fpw {]Xyw Fns\ {KlnWw Fpw A\pam\wsImv F{]Imcw Adnbm Ignbpp Fpap `mhsfbpw DZmc_pnam\mb Bt{Xb ap\n Cu {Xnhn[tcmKhntij hnm\obw hnam\w F Aymbn ]dbsncnpp.

CXynthi IrtXXt{ NcI{]XnkwkvIrtX hnam\mt\ {Xnhn[tcmKhntijhnm\obw hnam\w \ma NXptm ƒymbx

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